• • • The Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by, is a 21-question, one of the most widely used for measuring the severity of. Its development marked a shift among professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts. In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue,, and lack of interest in sex. There are three versions of the BDI—the original BDI, first published in 1961 and later revised in 1978 as the BDI-1A, and the BDI-II, published in 1996.

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) measures the severity of self-reported depression in adolescents and adults. Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition NCTSN Measure Review Database www.NCTSN.org 6. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al.

The BDI is widely used as an assessment tool by health care professionals and researchers in a variety of settings. The BDI was used as a model for the development of the (CDI), first published in 1979 by clinical psychologist. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • Development and history [ ] Historically, depression was described in terms as 'inverted hostility against the self'. By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time; by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a given symptom. Beck drew attention to the importance of 'negative cognitions' described as sustained, inaccurate, and often intrusive negative thoughts about the self. In his view, it was the case that these cognitions caused depression, rather than being generated by depression. Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression.

An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results: • The student has negative thoughts about the world, so he may come to believe he does not enjoy the class. • The student has negative thoughts about his future because he thinks he may not pass the class.

• The student has negative thoughts about his self, as he may feel he does not deserve to be in college. The development of the BDI reflects that in its structure, with items such as 'I have lost all of my interest in other people' to reflect the world, 'I feel discouraged about the future' to reflect the future, and 'I blame myself for everything bad that happens' to reflect the self.

The view of depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in (CBT), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as. BDI [ ] The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week.

Each question had a set of at least four possible responses, ranging in intensity. For example: • (0) I do not feel sad. • (1) I feel sad.

• (2) I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. • (3) I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it.

When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The standard cut-off scores were as follows: • 0–9: indicates minimal depression • 10–18: indicates mild depression • 19–29: indicates moderate depression • 30–63: indicates severe depression. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Some items on the original BDI had more than one statement marked with the same score. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) 'I am blue or sad all the time and I can't snap out of it' and (2b) 'I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful'. BDI-IA [ ] The BDI-IA was a revision of the original instrument developed by Beck during the 1970s, and copyrighted in 1978. Handbook Of Textile Auxiliaries Manufacturer more.

To improve, the ' a and b statements' described above were removed, and respondents were instructed to endorse how they had been feeling during the preceding two weeks. The for the BDI-IA was good, with a coefficient of around 0.85, meaning that the items on the inventory are highly correlated with each other.

However, this version retained some flaws; the BDI-IA only addressed six out of the nine criteria for depression. This and other criticisms were addressed in the BDI-II.

BDI-II [ ] The BDI-II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the publication of the, Fourth Edition, which changed many of the for Major Depressive Disorder. Items involving changes in,, and difficulty working were replaced. Also, sleep loss and items were revised to assess both increases and decreases in sleep and appetite. All but three of the items were reworded; only the items dealing with feelings of being punished, thoughts about suicide, and interest in sex remained the same. Finally, participants were asked to rate how they have been feeling for the past two weeks, as opposed to the past week as in the original BDI.